What are the 3R's?

Literature searches and corresponding narratives should address the 3R’s as discussed by Russell and Burch in their classic publication, The Principles of Humane Experimental Technique.

1. Reduction—Minimize the number of animals used, without jeopardizing statistical validity
2. Refinement—Employ techniques that reduce pain and distress
3. Replacement—Substitute animals with non-animal methods (i.e., computer simulation) or lower animal species